Analysis of nationwide multimodal complex treatment and drug pump therapy in Parkinson's disease in times of COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.

INTRODUCTION: During the first peak phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the German Ministry of Health recommended that elective treatments should be postponed to increase hospital capacities. This has also compromised the capacity for application of specialized Parkinson's disease (PD) therapies to an unknown extent. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study using administrative database of all hospitalized patients with main diagnosis of PD receiving multimodal complex treatment (PD-MCT), initial setup of levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) or continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion (CSAI) in Germany. We compared case numbers and clinical characteristics of the pandemic (March 16th - May 15th, 2020) and post-lockdown (July 16th - September 15th, 2020) period with the pre-pandemic (January 16th - March 15th, 2020) and historical control period (March 16th - May 15th, 2019). RESULTS: We identified a strong decline for PD-MCT(-62.8%) and for the application of drug pump-based therapies (-69.4%) during the first peak phase of the pandemic as compared to the pre-pandemic period while specialized PD treatment procedures increased again in the post-lockdown phase. Advanced disease was a marker for PD-MCT patients during the pandemic period. CONCLUSION: Besides the marked decline in specialized PD treatments during the first peak phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found recuperative effects for these procedures in the post-lockdown period without reaching pre-pandemic levels. Strengthening treatment capacities for PD patients, even in the event of a persistent pandemic, is urgently needed in order to maintain the quality of care.

Impact of interoperability of smart infusion pumps and an electronic medical record in critical care.

PURPOSE: To describe the benefits of smart infusion pump interoperability with an electronic medical record (EMR) system in an adult intensive care unit (ICU) setting. SUMMARY: In order to assess the impact of smart infusion pump and EMR interoperability, we observed whether there were changes in the frequency of electronic medication administration record (eMAR) documentation of dose titrations in epinephrine and norepinephrine infusions in the ICU setting. As a secondary endpoint, we examined whether smart pump/EMR interoperability had any impact on the rate of alerts triggered by the dose-error reduction software. Pharmacist satisfaction was measured to determine the impact of smart pump/EMR interoperability on pharmacist workflow. In the preimplementation phase, there were a total of 2,503 administrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine; 13,299 rate changes were documented, for an average of 5.31 documented rate changes per administration. With smart pump interoperability, a total of 13,024 rate changes were documented in association with 1,401 administrations, for an average of 9.29 documented rate changes per administration (a 74.9% increase). A total of 1,526 dose alerts were triggered in association with 76,145 infusions in the preimplementation phase; there were 820 dose alerts associated with 48,758 autoprogammed infusions in the postimplementation phase (absolute difference, -0.32%). ICU pharmacists largely agreed (75% of survey respondents) that the technology provided incremental value in providing patient care. CONCLUSION: Interoperability between the smart pump and EMR systems proved beneficial in the administration and monitoring of continuous infusions in the ICU setting. Additionally, ICU pharmacists may be positively impacted by improved clinical data accuracy and operational efficiency.

Impact of reperfusion pump power on technical and clinical outcomes after direct aspiration thrombectomy (ADAPT).

INTRODUCTION: Higher aspiration forces using larger bore catheters in direct aspiration thrombectomy (ADAPT) have been associated with shorter procedure time and better outcomes in patients treated for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the effect of using reperfusion pumps of higher aspiration power on outcomes of ADAPT has not been investigated. We evaluated the effect of using pumps with different aspiration powers on technical and clinical outcomes after ADAPT. METHODS: We reviewed a retrospective database of AIS cases between January 2018 and February 2019, while comparing technical and clinical outcomes between patients undergoing ADAPT using the MAX pump (28.5 inHg power) vs the ENGINE pump(29.2 inHg power). RESULTS: Among 194 patients (48% females, age 69±15 years) included in the study, 73 patients undergoing ADAPT using the ENGINE pump were age-, gender-, comorbidities-, and operator-matched to 118 patients treated using the MAX pump. The ENGINE group had shorter procedure time (20±17 vs 27±21 mins, p=0.017), lower number of aspiration attempts (2.2±1.6 vs 2.8±1.9, p=0.047), and similar rates of favorable 90 day modified Rankin Scale. Using multivariate linear regression, the use of the ENGINE reperfusion pump with higher vacuum power was independently and inversely correlated with procedure time (coefficient -2.23, p=0.027). While controlling for confounders, there was a trend toward an inverse correlation between use of the ENGINE pump and the number of attempts on linear regression (coefficient -1.04, p=0.09) and lower odds of PH2/intracranial (ICH) hemorrhages on logistic regression (OR 0.227, p=0.075). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the use of the ENGINE reperfusion pump of higher aspiration power during ADAPT decreases procedure time, without increasing complications and post-procedural hemorrhage rates.

Device-Related Error in Patient-Controlled Analgesia: Analysis of 82,698 Patients in a Tertiary Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is one of the most popular and effective methods for managing postoperative pain. Various types of continuous infusion pumps are available for the safe and accurate administration of analgesic drugs. Here we report the causes and clinical outcomes of device-related errors in PCA. METHODS: Clinical records from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2014 were collected by acute pain service team nurses in a 2715-bed tertiary hospital. Devices for all types of PCA, including intravenous PCA, epidural PCA, and nerve block PCA, were included for analysis. The following 4 types of infusion pumps were used during the study period: elastomeric balloon infusers, carbon dioxide-driven infusers, semielectronic disposable pumps, and electronic programmable pumps. We categorized PCA device-related errors based on the error mechanism and clinical features. RESULTS: Among 82,698 surgical patients using PCA, 610 cases (0.74%) were reported as human error, and 155 cases (0.19%) of device-related errors were noted during the 4-year study period. The most common type of device-related error was underflow, which was observed in 47 cases (30.3%). The electronic programmable pump exhibited the high incidence of errors in PCA (70 of 15,052 patients; 0.47%; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.59) among the 4 types of devices, and 96 of 152 (63%) patients experienced some type of adverse outcome, ranging from minor symptoms to respiratory arrest. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PCA device-related errors was <0.2% and significantly differed according to the infusion pump type. A total of 63% of patients with PCA device-related errors suffered from adverse clinical outcomes, with no mortality. Recent technological advances may contribute to reducing the incidence and severity of PCA errors. Nonetheless, the results of this study can be used to improve patient safety and ensure quality care.

The effect of local anesthetic continuous wound infusion for the prevention of postoperative pneumonia after on-pump cardiac surgery with sternotomy: the STERNOCAT randomized clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Postoperative pain after cardiac surgery, exacerbated by cough and sternal mobilization, limits clearance of bronchopulmonary secretions and may predispose to postoperative pneumonia. In this study, we tested the ability of local anesthetic continuous wound infusion to prevent pneumonia after cardiac surgery with sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) owing to better analgesia and bronchopulmonary drainage. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in five academic centers, patients undergoing cardiac surgery with sternotomy and CPB were enrolled from February 2012 until November 2014, and were followed over 30 days. Patients were assigned to a 48-h infusion (10 ml h-1) of L-bupivacaine (12.5 mg h-1) or placebo (saline) via a pre-sternal multiperforated catheter. Anesthesia and analgesia protocols were standardized. The primary end point was the incidence of pneumonia during the study period, i.e., until hospital discharge or 30 days. We hypothesized a 30% reduction in the incidence of pneumonia. RESULTS: Among 1493 randomized patients, 1439 completed the trial. Pneumonia occurred in 36/746 patients (4.9%) in the L-bupivacaine group and in 42/739 patients (5.7%) in the placebo group (absolute risk difference taking into account center and baseline risk of postoperative pneumonia, - 1.3% [95% CI - 3.4; 0.8] P = 0.22). In the predefined subgroup of patients at high risk, L-bupivacaine decreased the incidence of pneumonia (absolute risk difference, - 5.6% [95% CI - 10.0; - 1.1], P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: After cardiac surgery with sternotomy, continuous wound infusion of L-bupivacaine failed to decrease the incidence of pneumonia. These findings do not support the use of local anesthetic continuous wound infusion in this indication. Further study should investigate its effect in high-risk patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT Number: 2011-003292-10; Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01648777.

ElectroMotive drug administration (EMDA) of Mitomycin C as first-line salvage therapy in high risk "BCG failure" non muscle invasive bladder cancer: 3 years follow-up outcomes.

BACKGROUND: In case of high grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HG-NMIBC), intravesical BCG represents the first-line treatment; despite the "gold" standard therapy, up to 50% of patients relapse, needing radical cystectomy. Hence, alternative therapeutic strategies have been developed. The aim of the study was to evaluate a first-line salvage treatment with EMDA®-MMC in patients with HGNMIBC unresponsive to BCG. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, single-center, single-arm Phase II study in order to evaluate the efficacy (in terms of recurrence and progression) and the safety of the EMDA®-MMC treatment in 26 (21 male, 5 female) consecutive patients with "BCG refractory" HGNMIBC on a 3 years follow-up. EMDA®-MMC treatment consisted of 40 mg of MMC diluted in 100 ml of sterile water retained in the bladder for 30 min with 20 mA pulsed electric current. EMDA®-MMC regimen consisted of an induction course of 6 weekly instillations followed by a maintenance course of 6 monthly instillations. Follow-up was performed with systematic mapping biopsies of the bladder (with sampling in the prostatic urethra for men), voiding and washing urinary cytology, radiological study of the upper urinary tract. We performed Survival Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank test in order to analyze high grade disease-free survival. RESULTS: At the end of follow-up, 16 patients (61.5%) preserved their native bladder; 10 patients (38.4%) underwent radical cystectomy, in 6 patients (23.1%) for recurrent HGNMIBC and in 4 patients (15.4%) for progression to muscle-invasive disease. At the end of follow-up, stratifying patients based on TNM classification (TaG3, T1G3, Cis, TaT1G3 + Cis), disease-free rates were 75, 71.4, 50 and 25%, respectively; survival curves showed statistically significant differences (p value < 0.05). Regarding toxicity, we reported severe adverse systemic event of hypersensitivity to the MMC in 3 patients (11.5%), and local side effects in 6 patients (26.1%). CONCLUSIONS: In the field of alternative strategies to radical cystectomy, the EMDA®-MMC could be considered safe and effective in high-risk NMIBC unresponsive to BCG, as a "bladder sparing" therapy in selected patients. Multicenter studies with a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up might confirm our preliminary results. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT2017-002585-43. 17 June 2017 (retrospectively registered).

Local anesthetic infusion pump for pain management following total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were to evaluate the effect and safety of local anesthetic infusion pump versus placebo for pain management following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: In September 2016, a systematic computer-based search was conducted in the Pubmed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Randomized controlled trials of patients prepared for primary TKA that compared local anesthetic infusion pump versus placebo for pain management following TKA were retrieved. The primary endpoint was the visual analogue scale (VAS) with rest or mobilization at 24, 48 and 72 h and morphine consumption at 24 and 48 h. The second outcomes are range of motion, length of hospital stay (LOS) and complications (infection, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), prolonged drainage and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)). RESULTS: Seven clinical studies with 587 patients were included and for meta-analysis. Local anesthetic infusion pump are associated with less pain scores with rest or mobilization at 24 and 48 h with significant difference. However, the difference was likely no clinical significance. There were no significant difference between the LOS, the occurrence of DVT, prolonged drainage and PONV. However, local anesthetic infusion pump may be associated with more infection. CONCLUSION: Based on the current meta-analysis, we found no evidence to support the routine use of local anesthetic infusion pump in the management of acute pain following TKA. More RCTs are still need to identify the pain control effects and optimal dose and speed of local anesthetic pain pump.

Administración de la nutrición parenteral pediátrica / Administration of pediatric parenteral nutrition

No disponible

Changes in preconception treatment and glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a 15­year single­center follow­up.

INTRODUCTION    Pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with higher risk of complications. Strict glycemic control before conception reduces the risk of unfavorable outcomes. OBJECTIVES    The aim of the study was to assess changes in clinical characteristics, preconception treatment, and glycemic control of women with T1DM at the first antinatal visit. PATIENTS AND METHODS    We analyzed the records from the first antenatal visit of 524 women with T1DM in the years 1998-2012. The follow­up period was divided into 3 5­year periods. RESULTS    Differences in the age of patients between the 3 follow­up periods were observed (28.2 ±5.7 years for 1998-2002; 27.3 ±4.5 years for 2003-2007; and 29.4 ±4.8 years for 2008-2012; P <0.0001). The number of women planning pregnancy did not change and reached 32.1% in the first, 44.4% in the second, and 40.4% in the third period (P = 0.2). The use of rapid­acting insulin analogues increased from 2.6% to 46.5% and then to 95.6% (P <0.001). The rate of therapy with personal insulin pumps before pregnancy increased from 4.6% in the first, through 23.5% in the second, to 33.3% in the third period (P <0.001). Over the subsequent periods, we observed a decrease in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels at the first antenatal visit (from 7.4% ±1.6%, through 6.9% ±1.4%, to 7.0% ±1.4%; P = 0.06), as well as a decrease in HbA1c levels between the subgroups of women planning pregnancy (6.8% ±1.4%, 6.6% ±1.2%, and 6.1% ±0.8%, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS    In the years 1998-2012, an increase in the use of insulin analogues and personal insulin pumps by women with T1DM before conception was observed, and these changes were accompanied by a slight improvement in glycemic control, particularly among women planning pregnancy. The percentage of women planning pregnancy did not change during the follow­up.

Implementation of smart pump technology in a paediatric intensive care unit.

Patient safety is a matter of major concern that involves every health professional. Nowadays, emerging technologies such as smart pumps can diminish medication errors as well as standardise and improve clinical practice with the subsequent benefits for patients. The aim of this paper was to describe the smart pump implementation process in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and to present the most relevant infusion-related programming errors that were prevented. This was a comparative study between CareFusion Alaris Guardrails(®) and Hospira MedNet(®) systems, as well as a prospective and intervention study with analytical components carried out in the PICU of Gregorio Marañón General and Teaching Hospital. All intravenous infusions programmed with a pump in the eleven beds of the unit were analyzed. A drug library was developed and subsequently loaded into CareFusion and Hospira pumps that were used during a three month period each. The most suitable system for implementation was selected according to their differences in features and users' acceptance. Data stored in the pumps were analyzed to assess user compliance with the technology, health care setting and type of errors intercepted. The implementation process was carried out with CareFusion systems. Compliance with the technology was 92% and user acceptance was high. Vacation substitution and drug administration periods were significantly associated with a greater number of infusion-related programming errors. High risk drugs were involved in 48% of intercepted errors. Based on these results we can conclude that implementation of smart pumps proved effective in intercepting infusion-related programming errors from reaching patients. User awareness of the importance of programming infusions with the drug library is the key to succeed in the implementation process.

Programación errónea de una bomba de TCI. Caso SENSAR del trimestre / Incorrect programming of a target controlled infusion pump. Case SENSAR of the trimester

Reportamos el caso de un paciente que fue intervenido de un recambio valvular aórtico. Durante el mantenimiento de la anestesia general se administró una perfusión de remifentanilo mediante un sistema de infusión tipo «target controlled infusion» (TCI, «infusión controlada por objetivo»). La bomba de infusión previamente preparada para la intervención presentó un error de funcionamiento al iniciarse su uso, por lo que fue sustituida velozmente por una segunda bomba. Tras unos minutos de cirugía el paciente presentó hipotensión arterial refractaria al tratamiento. Además, se observó que la jeringa de remifentanilo se acabó antes de lo esperable. Se revisó la bomba de infusión, observándose que estaba programada por error para propofol en vez de para remifentanilo, por lo que el paciente había recibido hasta ese momento una dosis de remifentanilo muy elevada, que probablemente fue la causa de las alteraciones hemodinámicas. El incidente fue un error en el uso del equipamiento, favorecido por la prisa, la falta de comprobación del material antes de su uso y el diseño habitualmente complejo y poco claro de las pantallas de los dispositivos de infusión tipo TCI. Tras el análisis, se revisaron todas las bombas de TCI, eliminándose programaciones de fármacos no utilizadas rutinariamente. Asimismo, se destinaron 2 bombas de TCI para uso exclusivo en el quirófano de cirugía cardiaca, una con programación única para remifentanilo y otra para propofol, se rotularon externamente de forma inequívoca y se ubicaron en una localización fija en dicho quirófano (AU)

We report the case of a patient who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement. During general anaesthesia maintenance, the patient received a remifentanyl infusion via a target controlled infusion (TCI) system. The infusion pump that was prepared to deliver the infusion showed malfunction at the beginning of the surgery, so it was quickly replaced with a second pump. After a few minutes into the surgery, the patient presented with hypotension refractory to treatment. The remifentanyl syringe also emptied faster than expected. On reviewing the TCI pump, it was found that it was erroneously programmed for propofol instead of remifentanyl, thus the patient had received a very high dose of remifentanyl that was probably the cause of the haemodynamic disturbances. The incident was an error in equipment use, facilitated by hurry, lack of checking of the equipment prior to its use, and the complex and unclear design of the devices’ screens. After analysis of this incident, all TCI pumps were reviewed, and all the programs for infrequently used drugs were deleted. Furthermore, 2 pumps were selected for exclusive use in the cardiac surgery theatre, one with propofol-only programming, and the other with remifentanyl-only programming, both clearly marked and situated in fixed places in that theatre (AU)

Seguridad en la administración intravenosa de medicamentos mediante bombas de infusión inteligentes / Intravenous drug infusion safety through smart pumps

Objetivo: Analizar el papel de las bombas de infusión inteligentes en la reducción de errores relacionados con la administración de medicación intravenosa. Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo que analiza la implementación de un sistema de bombas inteligentes de infusión intravenosa (Hospira MedNetTM) y el papel de este sistema de seguridad en la detección de errores en la fase de administración de fármacos, sueros y sangre. Se incluyeron infusiones administradas en los hospitales de día de hematología, oncología, reumatología y oncopediatría. Se analizó la adherencia al sistema de seguridad, el número de errores de programación detectados, los fármacos comúnmente implicados en estos errores y las acciones de mejora. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se implementaron 120 bombas inteligentes y se recogieron los datos de 70.028 infusiones. La adherencia al programa de seguridad fue del 62,30% en hematología (6.887 infusiones), del 60,30% en oncología (28.127 infusiones), del 46,50% en reumatología (1.950 infusiones) y del 1,8% en oncopediatría (139 infusiones). Se notificaron 3481 alertas por programación de las bombas fuera de los límites establecidos: 2716 de límite relativo y 765 de límite absoluto. En 807 infusiones (2,17%), se evitaron errores que podrían haber tenido consecuencias para los pacientes. Gracias a estos hallazgos, se implementaron una serie de estrategias con objeto de minimizar dichos errores en el futuro. Conclusiones: El sistema Hospira MedNetTM intercepta desviaciones con respecto a los protocolos establecidos en la infusión intravenosa, evitando potenciales efectos adversos a pacientes. También permite establecer medidas correctoras e implementar estrategias de mejora (AU)

Objective: To analyze the role of smart infusion pumps in reducing errors related with the administration of intravenous medications. Method: Retrospective, observational study analyzing the implementation of a system with smart intravenous infusion pumps (Hospira MedNetTM) and the role of the safety system for the detection of errors during the administration of drugs, sera, and blood. We included infusions administered at the day-care hospitals of hematology, oncology, rheumatology, and oncopediatrics. We analyzed adherence to the safety system, the number of programming errors detected, the commonly implicated drugs in these errors, and improvement actions. Results: During the study period, 120 smart pumps were implemented and data on 70,028 infusions were gathered. The rate of adherence to the safety program was 62.30% in hematology (6,887 infusions), 60,30% in oncology (28,127 infusions), 46,50% in rheumatology (1,950 infusions) and 1.8% in oncopediatrics (139 infusions). 3,481 out of the established limits programming alerts were generated by the pumps: 2,716 of relative limit and 765 of absolute limit. En 807 infusions (2.17%), errors that could have had consequences for the patients could be prevented. These findings allowed implementing a series of strategies aimed at minimizing these errors in the future. Conclusions: The Hospira MedNetTM system detects deviations from the established protocols of intravenous infusion, preventing in this way potential adverse events for the patients. It also allows establishing correction measures and implementing the improvement strategies (AU)

Patient safety, error reduction, and pediatric nurses' perceptions of smart pump technology.

Patient safety and error reduction are essential to improve patient care, and new technology is expected to contribute to such improvements while reducing costs and increasing care efficiency in health care organizations. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships among pediatric nurses' perceptions of smart infusion pump (SIP) technology, patient safety, and error reduction. Findings revealed that RNs' perceptions of SIP correlated with patient safety. No significant relationship was found between RNs' perceptions of SIP and error reduction, but data retrieved from the pumps revealed 93 manipulations of the pumps, of which error reduction was captured 65 times.

Experiencia con inmunoglobulina subcutánea en inmunodeficiencias humorales / Experience with subcutaneous G immunoglobulin in antibody

Introducción: La terapia con inmunoglobulina subcutánea (IgSC) es una alternativa a la terapia intravenosa (IgIV), muy utilizada en el extranjero desde hace varios años para el tratamiento de las inmunodeficiencias humorales. Se presenta la mayor experiencia clínica con este tipo de terapia en un hospital terciario español. Además, se analizan las dos técnicas principales de administración de gammaglobulina por vía subcutánea: bomba de infusión (pump therapy) y técnica manual(push therapy), de la que no existe experiencia previa en nuestro país. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes en tratamiento sustitutivo con IgSC durante los 2 primeros años tras su implantación en nuestro centro, siguiendo un protocolo basado en la administración de dosis semanales de IgSC equivalentes a las dosis mensuales de IgIV, y se analizaron la eficacia, la seguridad y los costes. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida por 13 pacientes, ocho de ellos varones, con una media de edad de 18 años, y cuya patología de base más frecuente era la inmunodeficiencia común variable (9/13). Con la terapia con IgSC se obtuvo una media de inmunoglobulina G sérica valle un 37% mayor, mientras quela tasa de infecciones/paciente/año se mantuvo baja, la mayoría leves. No se registraron episodios adversos sistémicos, mientras que las reacciones locales fueron leves y transitorias. La técnica de administración más utilizada fue la técnica manual, o pushtherapy, más económica que la administración con bomba. Conclusiones: La terapia sustitutiva con IgSC se ha implantado satisfactoriamente en nuestro centro, con muy buenos resultados de eficacia y seguridad. Según nuestra experiencia, la técnica manual posee algunas ventajas respecto a la administración con bomba de infusión que la hacen preferible en la práctica clínica diaria, si bien son necesarios más estudios controlados con muestras más grandes(AU)

Background and objectives: The subcutaneous G immunoglobulin therapy (SCIg) is a common alternative to intravenous therapy (IVIg) in the treatment of humoral immunodeficiencies in many countries. We present the largest clinical experience with this type of therapy in a tertiary hospital in Spain. The two main techniques for subcutaneous administration are also analized: pump therapy, or infusion by pump, and push therapy, or manual infusion, emphasizing that there is no previous experience with the latter in our country. Patients and methods: A retrospective study was performed of the patients in SCIg therapy during the first two years after the establishment of the therapy in our center, following a protocol based in SCIg weekly doses equal to monthly IVIg doses, analyzing efficacy, security and costs. Results: 13 patients were recluted, 8 of them males, with a median age of 18, and the most frequent primary disease was CVID (9/13). SCIg therapy resulted in 37% higher seric gammaglobulin trough levels, while the infection rate remained low, most of them mild infections No systemic adverse events were registered, although local reactions where very common but mild and transient. The most commonly used technique was push therapy, which was more economic than pump therapy. Conclusions: The subcutaneous IgG replacement therapy has been satisfactorily established in our center, obtaining good results in efficacy and safety. Regarding our experience, the manual technique or push therapy has several advantages compared to the pump therapy that makes it preferable for the daily clinical practice, although larger series, randomized controlled trials are necessary(AU)

Recent advances in asymmetric membrane capsule based osmotic pump: a patent overview.

Conventional drug delivery systems have little control over their drug release and almost no control over the effective concentration at the target site. This kind of dosing pattern may result in constantly changing, unpredictable plasma concentrations. Drugs can be delivered in a controlled pattern over a long period of time by the process of osmosis. Osmotic devices are the most promising strategy based systems for controlled drug delivery. They are the most reliable controlled drug delivery systems and could be employed as oral drug delivery systems. The present review is concerned with the study of drug release through asymmetric membrane capsule systems. When these systems are exposed to water, low levels of water soluble additive are leached from polymeric material i.e. the semipermeable membrane and the drug releases in a controlled manner over an extended period of time. Drug delivery from this system is not influenced by the different physiological factors within the gut lumen and the release characteristics can be predicted easily from the known properties of the drug and the dosage form. This patent review is useful in the knowledge of asymmetric membrane capsule osmotic pump for its application.